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Fellow programmers: Please forgive the funky formatting; I'm using my ISP's somewhat flaky web-mail interface again. Interfaces represent a compromise in the design of the Java language, between those who insist that a true object-oriented language MUST have multiple inheritance, and those who insist that a true object-oriented language MUST NEVER have multiple inheritance. They provide a form of purely abstract secondary inheritance: purely abstract because in interface cannot contain any implemented methods, any class implementing the interface is required to implement any methods defined in the interface, and any instance of an implementing class is not only considered an instance of the class and all its superclasses, but also of the interface. It is strictly secondary inheritance because an interface cannot be instantiated or subclassed (though it can be sub-interfaced). Thus a parameter can be typed to an interface, and a variable can be both checked for whether it's an instance of the interface and cast to that interface, with complete independence of what class the object happens to be, so long as it implements the interface. -- James H. H. Lampert Professional_Dilettante http://www.hb.quik.com/jamesl
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